ЭКОНОМИКА И БИЗНЕС: теория и практика

DEVELOPMENT AND CURRENT STATUS OF MULTICULTURALISM

IN EUROPE

 

Vuqar Ismayilov

Azerbaijan Technological university

Asim Mammadov

Ganja state university

(Azerbaijan, Ganja)

 

Abstract. Multiculturalism, for more than fifty years, is one of the cultural and political issues that attract most of the attention of scientists and politicians. In this article, the historical development and current situation of the concept of multiculturalism has been studied. The article also studied and described the results of multiculturalism concept, model of multicultural citizenship and the flow of immigrants from third countries to Europe, along with the modern European multiculturalism. The main purposes of this article are to identify theoretical and practical problems of the policy of multiculturalism, to demonstrate how seriously this policy is affected by nationalist ideology, and to identify cultural minorities, that suffer the most from this trend, using the European example.

Keywords: Europe, culture, multiculturalism, nationalism, human rights

 

Different administration forms and different concepts approached one of the main topics of the social sciences «under what conditions people should live together?» at different times in their own way. From primitive societies of «tribal» and «tribal» concepts to the medieval empires of more than one language, religion, ethnic composition, and culture reflecting a synthesis of «cosmopolitan» concept, as well as from homogenous nationalist ideology of modern society to the globalization of «the world as a whole to be addressed» proposed on the basis of understanding and experience in a range of up to beyond state perspectives, the biggest to the smallest social unity, commonalities and differences have been made available in order to live together in peace and safety [25,p.49]. Today, the tension between globalization and localization is born from the need to find out a proper method to live together. Although some people see the multiculturalism as «it is needed to be taken into account as a mandatory step in the modern society» [7, p. 12] In the case, however, others consider it as a potential obstacle limiting individual freedom.

Multiculturalism is a translation of many culture society. First of all multiculturalism means ethnic, racial, religious and cultural differences, values that form the basis of differences. Multiculturalism is a project of making different social, ethnic and religious groups belonging to the ethnic communities with unique languages, customs and traditions, lifestyles, values, and norms of behavior live together in peace and tranquility . The cultural diversity of many ethnic and religious groups in the country is called «multiculturalism». In modern times, both at the national level and international level, there is no concept of the protection having special significance and meaning as «multiculturalism» to ensure peace and tranquility. The principles of multiculturalism in Western countries have been based on the ideas of thinkers like C. Locke, S. Hill, T. Hobs, Sh. Montesquieu and Vico C. since the sixteenth century. The theoretical thinkers like C. Roulz, J. Raz, V. Kimlica etc. of the modern era of multiculturalism have widely benefited from these ideas. A common feature of the mentioned thinkers is their human rights-based approach to the concept of multiculturalism taking into account the liberal-individualistic values. The other approach is currently expressed by theorists Charles Taylor, Michael Valzer and Alasdair McIntyre  such as «Communitarianist». According to McIntyre, having a Communitarian view, individuals can not develop on its own independent from society [35, p.11-106]. to leave the determination of different ethnic groups living in the country to the initiatives of the government and to leave the clarification of the rights to be given to groups that have migrated from other countries to the domestic legal system. In this article the above-mentioned two problems in multiculturalism policy of Europe are clearly shown and therefore the false sense of possiblity to create a multicultural system in the continent is grounded in facts.

Nationalism: from the multinational empire to the National State

According to Stuart Hall the main difference between the modern period and Middle Ages in Europe is the climate change in «competition» with the emergence of capitalism in sixteenth century [12, p. 189-201]. Thanks to the new competitive environment, straight changes in management methods of the states and imperial order based on medieval tradition of the consolidation of the religious factors, multi-religious, multi-lingual and multi-cultural societies, especially in the after French Revolution period, left their place to the national-states [14, p. 106].

At this stage of the administration transition from the universality to the nationalism, one of the processes that are essential to investigate is emergence of the nationalism and its trends in development. On the basis of nationalism lies, besides Augsburg (1555) and the Westphalia treaties (1648), the leave of the medieval «ending the holy one» and the «cuius Regio eius religio (Latin language: one government, his religion) definition to the» lingua eius cuius Regio «( Latin language: one government, its language) [23, p. 75]. However, despite the change in point of view, the ideas of nationalism did not fall apart from religion in its full meaning. The main purpose of the emerging nationalist movements in Europe was to substitute the «church» which is considered as one of the elements that determine people’s ethnic identity with a the smaller-scale another element. The new leading factor has been the language, traditions, norms and values, common history, a common way of life . In fact, the purpose was to proclaim the existence and harmony of symbols showing the power holders and dependents were belonging to the same ethnicity. Such a harmony will increase the power of the state and it is inevitable to connect the nation and the government around a common goal more conveniently. National states were established under the impact of these processes and the ideology of nationalism were used in domestic and foreign policies to the maximum level. The first and second world wars are bloody examples of the rise of nationalism ideas and negative consequences resulted by influencing national feelings at the highest level. The nationalist ideology of this danger, the world (especially in Europe) could lead to disasters such as what happened to these two samples have been confirmed. The probability of the danger that nationalist ideology brought could lead the world (especially in Europe) to disasters have been confirmed in these two samples. Federalism, which led to the overthrow of the fear of the danger of division of national states, and new ideas intergovernmental and international associations emerged in a period of to try to remove the debris of the two world wars away. Although the biggest obstacle in front of these ideas were the use the unlimited power of national states, however, the main objective of new ideas was was to form the theoretical basis of establishing beyond state institutions which will receive a portion of privileges of national states. Establishment of the United Nations (1945) and Council of Europe (1949) are ones that support this view.

But on the other side, besides institutions that try to be functional on a global scale and the states combined under two extreme states, a feature of the world after 1945 is highly valuing of «human rights» concept — at least rhetorical sense [26, p. 61-63]. With a global perspective stuck in the regulatory limits the re-designed international human rights gave the right to intervene against human rights violations in third countries which would weaken the basic principles of the traditional concept of international relations «sovereign national state» and the «principle of neutrality». The main objective here was to prevent the pressure to the nation, religion, language, race differences and assimilation, isolation policies against them under an extremely common hood such as human rights. Though «Minority» term was not used being against any form of discrimination was increased to universal standards of human rights by the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) [30, p 39-52]. In the other it means, however, the guarantee of human rights, the guarantee the country’s social diversity. The idea of multiculturalism has emerged from such a situation the first time.

Multiculturalism: Transition from mono national State to multicultural state

The basis of the multicultural society are democracy, secularism and pluralism principles. Pluralism is not only political philosophy. Under legal and organizational security of the various social groups, to participate in the decision making process with organized methods is understood as to influence the process and is practiced in the field. Multicultural environment, with some exceptions, is almost a historical-anthropological reality for all societies. Above all, multiculturalism reflects a complex and intertwined two basic meanings. First, the social reality of multi-culturalism, and the other a political stance towards the cultural diversity [1, p 35]. Accordingly, «Is the recognition of cultural differences at the political level is essential,» «is it possible,» and «how it can be implemented,» such questions emerge as the key questions sought to answer globally, as well as in the national level. In the process of globalization, national governments remain under seriously affects by international organisations from the top by ethnic and religious seperatist groups from the bottom and struggle for existence. A major criticism of the supporters of globalization and cultural diversity towards the modern national states is the application of ethnocentrism or «homogenuism» policy against cultural and religious diversity in society. A good example of this policy carried out states is Armenia. As of today, with the exception of a few countries in the world, we see that they have a heterogeneous social structure almost in all ethnic, religious and sectarian terms. This is the reality of the global scale of the problem, in fact, clearly reveals the fact of a serious problem. Same to some experts have observed, depending on the the dynamics of globalization ethnic waking up and religious revival if does not fit to the steps taken by the government  the authenticated cases highlighted as «alienation» or «isolation» emerge as a trend [8, p. 56]. Since the 1960s, the policy of multiculturalism in demand since the 1980s, has lost its reputation. a number of countries, in particular western developed countries, have taken a step back in the policy of multiculturalism. For some states it is based on the idea of multiculturalism is not the only form of cultural politics. Since 1990, the State of the Netherland’s and in 1997 California’s termination of teaching of local languages, originating a new stream against liberal multiculturalism in USA, and France’s not willing to accept cultural rights of migrants are attracting attention in this regard [17, p 357 -361].

Multiculturalism’s France «adventure» has more for attention. In parallel to promoting multiculturalism in the world since the 1980s, the French intellectual and political elite «who discovered» the country’s cultural and religious diversity had lived contradictions between rooted traditional principles of the republic and the protection of cultural diversity. The debate about multiculturalism has continued between the Conservatives who opposed to the recognition of the different socio-religious discrimination of social and ethnic groups and who preferred a firm hold of the traditional republican principles, and who are in favor of granting privileges to certain ethnic and religious groups and the proponents of multiculturalism [16, p. 575-597].

The step back in multiculturalism of Western countries casts doubt on the fact that multicultural integration is still a valid assumption for a democratic environment. All the initiatives aimed at adopting a new model of multicultural citizenship did not drop root or have not reached the desired level. There are some factors that facilitate or prevent multiculturalism [18, p. 298].

1. Damage to the country’s ethnic and religious environment. Multiculturalism, not as a matter of national security with the state of the relations between cultural minorities, but mostly if taken as a matter of social policy gives positive results.

2. Human Rights. Support for multiculturalism based on respect for the human rights of ethnic and religious grounds. If some social groups in a state show no respect for human rights norms or are reluctant in this regard, giving multicultural rights to those groups becomes difficult. For example, on the basis of the cold approach to granting ethnic and religious rights of Muslim migrants living in Western countries lies the idea accepted in the political and social environment that they look reluctant to integration to the liberal-democratic norms.

3. The migrant flow. Multiculturalism is becoming controversial is becoming controversial when the citizens have the fear of a migrant or refugee flow to their countries.

4. The diversity of migrant groups. Multiculturalism gives better results in emerging countries with a true multicultural environment, namely, when not the majority of the migrants come from one country, but with diversity of ethnic and religious minorities and migrants coming from a number of different countries.

5. The economic value. Public support for multiculturalism is correlated with the formation of a sense that ethnic minorities perform their duties and the value they bring to the community they live in every sense – especially in the economic sense.

Multiculturalism idea is based on the desire to get rid of the traditional (racist) view who claimed that it was impossible to live with multiple cultures across national borders (ethnic group). As stated by Michael C. Williams, salvation from rhetoric of nationalist view, and thus bringing the international environment to more stable basis passes through giving more political and cultural rights to the different identities, sub-cultures and minorities, and to stay with them against their overt and covert assimilation, social isolation and pressure, and not to be counted [31, p 520]. It is, however, possible with the adoption of the idea of multiculturalism in national and international level, especially in practice.

The concept of multiculturalism occurred in written sources with the opening word in an issue of the «Herald Tribune» magazine published in 1941, where the magazine’s editor Edward Haskellin quoted «a fiery speech on nationalism’s support of the multicultural new way of life opposing nationalist judgments and extremely in accordance with the period of increased communication and social mobility» from his private book named «Lance: a novel about multicultural men» [27, p. 64].

The term of «Multicultural» became a subject of scientific research in the name of «multiculturalism» after British Society Countries as well as Canada, Australia and New Zealand (as well as the United States) receiving many numbers of immigrants brought multicultural citizenship to their systems in the beginning of the 1970s [29, p. 14-36].

One of the definitions of multiculturalism is: «Multiculturalism — a philosophical perspective or a way of life based on the gender, ethnicity, race, and cultural diversity in pluralistic societies that are reflected in all public organizations» [2, p. 447]. In other words, a multiculturalism means recognition of the ethnic, cultural, religious, race etc. diversities in political environment and civil society. The main difference between multiculturalism with pluralism is its desire to apply of the differences idealized by the twentieth century such as democracy, individualism, and universal principles of equality of people, despite the uniqueness of individuals. «Equality and diversity» is the main slogan of multiculturalism.

Jurgen Habermas, the main purpose of multiculturalism is reminding the bond between the event of individualism, social and cultural areas with a variety of individuals completeness [11, p. 849—853].

Refer to Jurgen Habermas statements, the main objective of the multiculturalism is remindining of the bond between the creation of individualism and variety of individuals completeness of social and cultural areas [11, p. 849-853]. Will Kimlickam’s «multicultural citizenship» theory is precisely based on this relationship by Habermas.

Refer to Kimlickay’s statements, «Modernization» is a dominant factor for Western culture that shape national statist group rights, and groups who care about the protection of traditional and in [19, p. 134-135]. For example,  although Western culture is waiting to be adapted to «Modern Western cultur” as a volunteer by its own, adopt Marxist statist form of governance or point of social view of. This is a common feature of two different point of view, they are the product of Western culture and the culture of accepting the individualistic phenomenon.

Multiculturalism suggests that should be different from domestic rights to its members with this group of the majority in society. At the same time, the first claim also known as «internal constraints» occurs from act that continues within the group, but that is contrary to the values of liberal. For example, ethnic groups that sacrifice little girls for the tradition of  religious beliefs. That is why, these acts should be handled within the law of “human life sanctity” and these groups should be deprived of such a behavior. Acceptance of multiculturalism and the second claim that referred to as «foreign protectors » are in harmony with the liberal values of the function. These are covered local groups, education, religion, language, economic or management requirements. The only requirement for admission and issuing certain groups is not being contrary to universal human rights. Common feature of the 2 point of view that mentioned above, also the main argument of the multicultural model did not accept traditional liberal ideas as «that the idea of ethno-cultural diversity».

Near the end of the 1970s, multiculturalism remind the most important issues to world politics,social differences, which have ability to grouped. Since the establishment of the United Nations, up to that period, minority and social diversity issues in terms of human rights and individually with multicultural perspective as in the era of empires group to be dealt begun as a matter. Refer to Max Ploq statments, contact between the protection of different cultural groups and minorities, with democracy which generated by multiculturalism  become one of the key elements of the concept of global democracy from starting of 1970 [22, p. 55-82]. David Held and Daniele Archibuginin, Ploq who developeing «Cosmopolitan democracy» concept, the theory democracy in a new era «will take place within states and will improve some of the group referred to as the interior social group rights» and» groups that isolated both regional and global threaten their lives and existence issues to international level decision making at the global, «argues that they have a coercion to give a chance“. Joel E. Oestreich in the period since 1970, fills the gap between human rights and the rights of social groups. The various ethnic and cultural groups are being integrated political, cultural and social life both  in the national and federal states and it does not become a global and local matter [20, p. 108].

One of the most important processes that support the theoretical proposals, on behalf of the United Nations, , given the definition of the concept of «minority in 1978».  Memoarable statement by Capotortini who is Sub-Commission of “Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities of the UN” is “insted of grouping people who live in a different society groups or see themselves different, identify those groups.

According to this view, «Minorities – which is not dominant, less than in terms of the number of other people of a state, differing from the rest of the population in terms of ethnic, religious and linguistic characteristics, aimed at protecting the social group in open or secret way and have their own culture, traditions and language.

Multicultural European Idea

Europe of the 1990s lived the three main processes which had a direct impact on social relations. The first of these processes, the end of the Cold War and after the collapse of the Soviet Union, particularly severely affected countries in Eastern Europe with the trend of micro-nationalism ,established new states and new conflicts led to the separatism. The second process in the Western European countries was called “The Maastrict”process which meant the economic and trade relations in the political arena. [3, p. 605-624]. The third process which East and West were closer to one another and speed up the process of enlargement of the European Union after the end of the Cold War was aimed to ensure peace and stability in Europe. With the convergence of these three parallel trend of multiculturalism has not been so easy. However, the largest contribution of multiculturalism to European culture is grouping individuals (especially minorities) from internal security issues which is accepted the main feature of liberal democracy. The main problem here is the term of «Europe»  becomes the conflicted subject. «Where Europe started where they ended?» The question is still open to debate despite geographical signs of a continent. There are still the structural, social, cultural, historical and political differences between west and east of the continent. That differences cause the spread of multiculturalism in different ways  on the continent. Western Europe and the European Union member states (except for countries such as France and Greece) start multiculturalism experience from minorities. While extending more rights and recognition to these groups as a part of policy, Eastern Europe in the 1990s, has set up the struggle for a homogeneous nation-states. For example the famous speech of Macedonian President Kiro Qliqorov asked a question about a wave of new nationalism in Europe during the 1990s, as well as that reflects the positions of different social groups in community «While you may be a minority in my country, why I have to become in  the condition of minorities in your country?» [33, p. 16].

The first step in the process of multicultural social structure transformation of Western Europe has taken for the recognition of minorities. Although the first step in this regard was taken by the Helsinki Declaration, the main steps have been taken since 1990. So, at least in Western Europe in the 1990s, the concept of citizenship has been inherent to minorities. In other words, rather than people’s understanding of Western European countries in  ethnic, religious, linguistic and historical point of view, began to point all part of the living people in those countries. Steps which involved in the processes that called «Being European« are the policy that will be associated with the minorities, «recognition» approach, citizenship and European integration concepts. For the first step which was taken from the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europa. Vienna Conference (1989), as well as documents of “Charter of Paris for a New Europe (1990)”, the idea of High Commissioner on National Minorities (1992) that  assigned by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe were claimed prohibition of this ill-treatment. Multicultural efforts of “ATAT”, – The Council of Europe  as mentioned earlier – which were followed by documents such as European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (1992) and The Framework Convention on the Protection of National Minorities (1995) [10, p.160-189]. The differences of these documents from the previous contracts are required responsibility from signatory states when commit violations against human rights  of minorities. In addition, legal relations of the documents of Europe Council for protection of minorities by the states that are mentioned in these documents are regarded as one of the main part for democratic security. Language, religion, culture, governance and the protection of ethnic differences of these groups have taken under the security of these states.

These steps have shown that the scientists’ concept as Kimlicka’s multicultural citizenship concept have been practically applied in the institutions and organizations in Western Europe and have made institutional and legal basis.

The European Union that recognized such  values as democracy, rule of law and human rights concepts belonging to Europe, is unable to establish a minority within the system although that is the subject of another study. The main issue that needs to be addressed here, The Union has used the protection of minority rights and minority multicultural values for the enlargement process to Eastern and Central Europe. Aims are convertion of these values domestic policy of the candidate countries. In other words, although The European Union doesn’t accept multicultural values as a part of its internal policies, it makes the foreign policy to ensure the external safety of the Union. The Copenhagen Summit in 1993, according to the requirements from candidate countries for the «Copenhagen criteria» contains rights as EU candidate countries have to respect the rights of the minority and must preserve the existence of living minority groups [5, p. 30-53].

For this, there is obligation for the majority of the European Union members sign international documents on minorities which have not been ratfikation. Additionally , they have to make minor adjustments in the «Expansion reports» that are prepared each year by The European Union Commission. Liberal multiculturalism have begun to spread from the European Union towards Central and Eastern Europe.

Multiculturalism Processes in Europe at present stage

In modern times, with not being at the highest level in a multicultural environment, there are legal systems of vast majority of European countries that identify specific minority rights. Before enlargement of the European Union in 2004, 15 major members of the Western Europe access to today’s four major international conventions concerning cultural minorities (United Nations Convention on Cultural and Political Rights, the European Convention on Human Rights, the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities ). Cause it is the main condition for being included in the Union,the former communist bloc countries have joined into the European Union. Under the light of this information, all over of Europe, we are able to note regime’s human rights since forming in 1945, , blossoms of the integrated multicultural minority rights since the 1970s and especially against any kind of discrimination procedure, the legal existence and protection of minority rights in EU members and candidate countries. Here the question arises: What does the multicultural minority category cover that mentioned in, or which ways similar to the theory of multicultural citizenship?

We can start work  with question as which is counted to minority groups. As mentioned earlier, multiculturalism has recognized minorities as «national minority» and criteria to be included in this category called «social culture». The commen country, in cooperation with a common language and history are result of the desire of coexistence in a social group. As we have seen multiculturalism reveals extremely subjective definition and inevitably, the subject of this definition  should give certain rights to mentioned groups.  In other words, althought the multicultural concept of citizenship come from liberal current plans that minimize the role of government in the case, leaving the categorise authority of minority groups to goverment. Generally there are two main sources of multiculturalism in Europe. First of all national minorities. Secondly immigrants.

In this context, multiculturalism  for immigrants includes political power, economic opportunities and the possibility of citizenship for non members. Public awareness is important for immigrants to integrate into society and put forward some basic principles. Firstly the main part of integration is the job. Secondly, the integration makes respect to the principles of the basic liberal-democratic values such as freedom, democracy, human rights, equality and the rule of law. Thirdly, the society’s language, history and institutions that based on the importance of integration in the state. Fourth, laws and policies against discrimination is essential to integrate better.

Multicultural citizenship for immigrants does not clearly contain the same kind of rules  for indigenous peoples and national minorities. Immigrants do not require fees or status as an official language autonomy. In this sense, temporary immigrant model is available in some European countries. Staying immigrants model is different.

There are 21 million immigrants in Europe, according to official statistics. Three-quarters of this is more than 7 million in Germany, in France more than 3 million, more than 2 million in the UK, Switzerland and Italy with more than 1 million. These five European countries  make  the majority of the immigrants [34, p. 16].

In Sweden, if immigrants do not integrate in the program, then social rights and benefits which they receive, reduced or eliminated. However, participation in these programs to be carried out with the right of residence or citizenship.

Situation that Western European countries will not  be able to accept themselves as a «minority rights system» arises from the multiculturalism with the participation of state. For example, although Western European countries, Spain, Italy and even in countries like Sweden acting more liberal to the expansion of minority rights, in countries such as Greece and France treats coldly to minority rights. Belgium and the Netherlands avoid carefully harmonization of the laws with Europe for not disrupting their own multicultural distinct, multiethnic, multilingual structures[15, p. 289-304]. Already the internal politic rights of minority are not very important in countries such as , Finland, Portugal and Luxembourg that having a homogeneous ethnic structure. The federal states such as Austria and Germany apply  similar policies to national minorities living in their own countries like Australia, or Canada’s policy in their area, [32, p. 324].

Though, identification of minority rights for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and must be guaranteed are major issues in the process of joining the alliance, there is not any Western European country that they can accept them as a model for these countries to carry out reforms in this direction. Such a model which not be offered to them by the union, causes such   states that are extremely different from each other and formed its own minority system For comparison, we can say minority rights are widely recognized in countries such as Hungary, Romania and the Czech Republic [24, p28-56]. Unlike these countries, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia and Bulgaria are subjected to frequent criticism from the world community for adopted legislation due to the minority rights. In 2009 Slovakia received back language rights of  Romanian minority in the process of union membership; Estonia and Latvia have come the requirement to pass a language exam in order to stay as citizens for Russian-speaking minorities living in the country; neighbors as Greece and Turkey,Bulgaria is still approaching with care because of the issue of minority rights that exchange of populations in the past. An alliance member states as Poland, Slovenia, Lithuania, Croatia and candidate countries as well as Macedonia,Turkey draw attention for negative positions in front of ethnic and religious minorities.

Western European countries are exposed the influx of migrants from not only non-member states of the Union, but also from Poland, Hungary, Latvia, Estonia, Bulgaria. This migration process is taking place as a result of the demand for labor in those countries. European states have obligation to build a model as «social diversity » for demand in the labor force, migrants,their language, religion, traditions, unemployment, citizenship ,even for the people who play a role in their sport archivments and so on.

Today, in countries such as Germany, France, the Netherlands and the UK are being carried out the unilateral and binding legal regulations for migrants,refugees, temporary labors and their families [9, p. 191-200]. In recent years German and Dutch governments have begun to citizenship exams for guest workers who have been living for many years as Estonia and Latvia where they have criticized earlier. The French government is acting openly racist policy against workers and refugees of African that are living in the country and make them go out of the country. Additionally, they announce «Multiculturalism is faulty and ineffective policy of bankruptcy». The Europe-wide policy of discrimination against Romanians in Romania has led to large demonstrations. Rising representation of radical anti-immigrant, racist and conservative parties in parliament and increasing of deputy in numbers have reached its climax in 2010 [28, p. 25—35].

British Prime Minister David Cameron and German Chancellor Angela Merkel’s statements on the failure of the policy of multiculturalism were perceived ambiguously from the academic environment. So multiculturalism continues to contribute to the development of democratic values in the west. The politicians use “failure”statement for present the transition from the concept of multiculturalism to post-multicultural. A new world is no longer necessary to carry out reforms in the understanding of multiculturalism. It should be noted here that neither for indigenous peoples nor for national minorities have been taken a step backwards without belonging to a multicultural citizenship. Land ownership rights, autonomuos and traditional legal systems of indigenous peoples are basics of the Western democracy. In 2007, Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples was adopted in the UN. No one can deny, today, the regional autonomy of Catalonia, development of democracy in Spain and the rights that recognized to people to promote the deepening of democratic citizenship in Latin America.

In Europe, there is no doubt that, other groups that could not find a place for itself in Kimlickanın multicultural perspective and most affected by rising conservatism are Muslim migrants in Europe and their descendants who were born in this country. In 2008, the global economic crisis affected the European Union, the impact on the migrant population, especially negative impact on Muslims. Such a process shows that in Europe, Muslims take place in the center of the«xenophobia» and this review conflicts  with values called «Europeanization» which are based on secularism,humanism and liberal.

Muslims are not recognized as a distinct minority group in European multiculturalism. They are trying to form a distinctive approach such as migrants, guest workers and refugees. As mentioned above, the European multiculturalism recognises only basic human rights to «voluntary» migration of the groups. But they are acting involuntaryly for the provision of basic human rights to Muslim groups. This trend is severely felt by Western and Northern European countries which are considered of the most democratic countries of the union. Named the «Islamophobia», or «hatred of foreigners» as well as «racism» Tell, as applied to the discrimination, the socio-economic, legal and political spheres but also clearly manifests itself. Call «Islamophobia», or «hatred of foreigners» as well as «racism» this applied discrimination clearly manifests itself in the socio-economic, legal and political spheres. For example, one of the reasons to make shape a negative public opinion for the debate on Turkey’s membership is «Muslim state» identity [4, p. 69-88].

Processes of Multiculturalism in modern stage

As confessional country many different nations and people are living in the atmosphere of mutual understanding and acting in Azerbaijan Republic. After the return of National Leader Heydar Aliyev to power increased attention and care to the national minorities language, culture, customs and traditions. Since 1993, recognition of the high constitutional rights legally, politically, economicly, socially and educationally to the national minorities and religious communities that living in the Republic of Azerbaijan and additionally guaranteeing with adopted a new Constitution in 1995 began to distinguish with our multicultural country. Such  processes make socio-political, socio-cultural development of national minorities, indigenous people and ethnic minorities.

National leader Heydar Aliyev’s return to power in 1993, was also a turning point toward the national issues. Hidayat Orujov states in his published «Heydar Aliyev and national policy in Azerbaijan» (Baku, 2001) book: «Since 1993, care of national minorities at the goverment level that living in severe economic difficulties has become specific,complex and routine issue. With Heydar Aliyev’s initiative and minority, the legal bases of the development of literature, culture, language, history, traditions and so on have been created. Additionally supported by financial assistance for this purpose. They were provided with cultural centers without utility costs, rent payment. Their alphabets and  textbooks are prepared in their native language, money were allocated from the state budget for the publication of newspapers, books,  national radio, local private television and developing programs and free created materials. Moreover given full legal protection to various confessions for act independent.

In the activity on national issue, Heydar Aliyev defended the spirit of internationalism  and focusing on national minorities. That is why the etnoenviroment has been stable at all times. This is a clear indication of the attitude of the relationship between various levels in community. Additional to this valuable information, in the community there was the same approach for both Turks and non-Turks consequences of none difference between various ethnics.

Academician Ramiz Mehdiyev emphases in «Azerbaijan idea in the context of creative nation in the twenty-first century» article, the importance of the policy of multiculturalism, «a multi-ethnic society is the environment perception of nationalism, which had built the community method. State can not ensure stability and normal development without cultural and ethnic unity and tolerance «

In 1995, with the initiative of Heydar Aliyev in the Azerbaijani Constitution , has made guarantees respect for the rights and freedoms of everyone regardless of the ethnic, religion and language. According to Article 25 of the Constitution, the State guarantees equality of rights and freedoms for everyone regardless of  nationality, religion, language or origin. Limited Human and civil rights,freedoms, nationality, religion, language, origin, belief, political or social affiliation are prohibited. According to Article 44 of the Constitution, «Everyone has the right to preserve national identity. No one can be forced to change his nationality. Apparently, Heydar Aliyev was destined to restore normal life, socio-economic development, also achieve peace in ethnic people and regulate the relations  with other countries.

Today, the democratic changes in the country’s socio-political life increase  interests living in Azerbaijan. Protection of human rights of different ethnic groups  is mainly important not in view of  social – cultural, and also political. Under the leadership of President Ilham Aliyev, development of national state policy of the country’s citizens and equal rights in all spheres of life are not only about the individual ethnicity ,and also regardless of the national origin. President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev is implementing a consistent policy to strengthen tolerance. Declarement of 2016 year as «Multiculturalism» year is a good example of a consistent policy on this issue.

March 9, 2003, a new synagogue was opened in Baku. It was the biggest one in Europe. The first Jewish school has been operating since September 2003. Avar-language schools are operating in the 260 class out of 19 school, approximetaly 7 thousand students are studying in these schools. According to official results of the 2009 year, it was consist of national population living in de-facto III, de-yuri IV minority ethnic group. At present, 248 schools acting in the teaching program of the Talysh language 2 times a week. There are 1716 classrooms in these schools and 248 of them are  primary school. Generally 29120 students are studying in schools. Under the light of this information we can say textbooks are published in Lezgi in Azerbaijan since 1993. Currently, 94 schools (891 classrooms) are teaching Lezgi lessons and nearly 15 000 students are studying in these schools. In former densely Guba-Khachmaz economic region industry mainly consist of food industries. Generally fruits and vegetables, wine and dairy products are produced. Traditional crafts such as making national carpet  in rural areas of the region are developing. The ancient people of the Caucasus play an important role in the economic development of the region Lezghins.

Today, our country is governed by an independent policy with public power unity. Azerbaijan national minorities have always been treated well. Azerbaijan plays a role for an example of coexistence of different religions and nationalities friendly with each other.

The result: Multiculturalism, or bankrupt multicultural Europe (?)

In this article, the composition of goverment and societies that differ from the dominant culture, point of view for subculture that formed by foreign and international politics have been investigated. From XVII century, trying to form a homogeneous social structure point of cultural and ethnic view but such social groups considered to be a source of danger so does not resolve the issue, even causing bloody conflicts and cause serious damage at the international level to ensure peace and tranquility. Since the second half of the twentieth century, with the requirement to protect the cultural diversity of different ethnic groups such new ideas were raised to live in peace. The steps taken towards multicultural state from  unique state, although especially applied to federal states founded by people come from Europe, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United States,beginning in the 1970s also brought to Europe by members of a technocratic government, gave the name of multiculturalism, a process that is believed to contribute to the effective functioning of Western values and tried to apply. However, a few years after the initial enthusiasm changed to social reality and the majority of European countries have abandoned the policy of multiculturalism. With a few exceptions, countries that are  continuing the tradition of the national state based on civil society minority who refuse to identify covers, while the concept of multiculturalism requires giving special rights to minorities, continue to see as a matter of state security. As a logical result of this, firstly talking about specific adopt systems and poor policies would be more correct instead of talking about the existence of a minority of systems.

One issue should be noted ,today the most serious problem in the European Union policy of multiculturalism is not related to national minorities. Because legal, political and cultural system begin to  fail since the 1950s, that flock to the area to ensure the rights of minorities without  European-based. European governments give rights to  presence of minorities of the new generation as voluntary migration for them that  were needed and  invited in past.

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РАЗВИТИЕ И СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ МУЛЬТИКУЛЬТУРАЛИЗМА В ЕВРОПЕ

 

Вугар Исмайлов

Азербайджанский технологический университет

Асим Мамедов

Гянджинский государственный университет

(Азербайджан, Гянджа)

 

Аннотация. Мультикультурализм, в течение более пятидесяти лет, является одним из культурных и политических вопросов, которые привлекают большую часть внимания ученых и политиков. В этой статье, было исследовано историческое развитие и нынешнее положение концепции мультикультурализма. В статье также изучены и описаны результаты концепции мультикультурализма, модели мультикультурного гражданства и потока эмигрантов в Европу из третьих стран, наряду с современным европейским мультикультурализмом. Основные цели этой статьи, на примере Европы, выявить теоретические и практические проблемы политики мультикультурализма, продемонстрировать насколько серьезно националистическая идеология влияет на эту политику, а также определить культурные меньшинства, которые больше всех страдают от этой тенденции.

Ключевые слова: Европа, культура, мультикультурализм, национализм, права человека